/Endnote /Note April 2013 . [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. -Conformity: [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Type /Page Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /F3 23 0 R -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. /CS /DeviceRGB What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. affects which beliefs and rules we test >> Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. /StructParents 6 Gordon . >> Please sign in to share these flashcards. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. 7 0 obj 5 0 obj -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? /Font << << /Resources << . The cognitive miser theory is an . -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ << 11 0 obj /Macrosheet /Part endobj "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." [15][pageneeded]. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. /Font << /F2 22 0 R [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /P 3 0 R /Tabs /S /InlineShape /Sect 23417270. free . AVERSIVE What is deindividuation? >> /CS /DeviceRGB Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R >> a. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. >> 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R endobj "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /S /Transparency << /F1 21 0 R /Name /F2 /Group << endobj /F2 22 0 R Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. -Differs: According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? 27 0 obj [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /GS7 27 0 R how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. /Resources << /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. endobj 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 /StructParents 1 -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group >> Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. How does a "flawed scientist" reason? Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. What is obedience? -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. /Footer /Sect What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? /Group << The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. a. /GS7 27 0 R /LastChar 116 << -Examples: sports events. /Parent 2 0 R -Becoming less pervasive Our pages contain various quotes with which our editorial team does not always agree. Introducing Cram Folders! Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. Discuss the validity of each statement. ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. /FontDescriptor 364 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB >> "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R [39][originalresearch? heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /Tabs /S -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. 13 0 obj /F6 26 0 R Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. /BaseFont /Times-Bold That's it. >> >> /StructParents 8 [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /Name /F3 [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /Type /Catalog What is social comparison theory? Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. >> The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /S /Transparency [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R /F2 22 0 R -Obedience: submission to authority 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. << variability, when the category is. In par-ticular, this need . 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others /BaseFont /Times-Roman What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /Contents 38 0 R 20 . /BM /Normal ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices."
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